• The halting problem is merely the Liar Paradox in disguise

    From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Mon Nov 17 16:59:04 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable. The Halting Theorem is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder
    than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but
    it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually weird, sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
    infinite loop. Just as the formalized Prolog
    determines that there is a cycle in the directed
    graph of the evaluation sequence of LP the simple
    English proves that the Liar Paradox never gets
    to the point. It has merely been semantically
    unsound all these years.


    You should be commended for finding it so natural, you are among the
    few. But the many have a stake and will enquire.


    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Kaz Kylheku@643-408-1753@kylheku.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Mon Nov 17 23:22:18 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 2025-11-17, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. It is >>> firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable. The Halting Theorem is of >>> the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder
    than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but
    it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    No it isn't; not every self reference is Liar Paradox.

    It is your /conjecture/ that the incomputability of halting somehow
    contains the Liar Paradox; but it doesn't withstand rational scrutiny.

    Here is why:

    Self-reference occurs in the diagonal proof of the Halting Theorem.
    It is this: the diagonal test case D refers to itself; it passes
    itself to a decision algorithm.

    - D is not a logical proposition. D might not even be calculating
    a Boolean result.

    - D is not contradicting itself in any way, saying "I am false".
    It cannot do that because it's not a proposition; it has no truth
    value, and doesn't assert any truth value.

    - D does contradict something.

    The contradiction is something like the one in "This sentence has
    four words", though not quite.

    In this analogy, the role of H(D) is the sentence itself: just like H(D)
    makes an assertion of truth, so does the sentence.

    The role of D is the word count of the sentence.

    D contradicts H(D) through its behavior.

    The word count of the sentence also contradicts that sentence
    through its "behavior": its property of being five rather than four.

    The important thing here is that "This sentence has four words"
    is not the Liar Paradox.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    ... even if it were done correctly, wouldn't prove that halting is based
    on the Liar Paradox.

    Yes, we can model the Liar Paradox in languages and show how it
    leads to infinite regress. E.g. Common Lisp:

    [1]> #1=(not #1#)

    *** - Program stack overflow. RESET

    The expression #1=(not #1) is a complete, direct representation
    of Liar as a Lisp expression. We do not need numerous lines of
    Prolog.

    #1=WHATEVER means "read WHATEVER object and associate it with
    the integer label 1".

    And then #1# means "do not read an object; instead return a reference
    to the object previously associated with label 1".

    This expression is saying exactly "The negation (not) of the expression,
    which is myself, is true"; i.e. "This esxpression is false".

    The "Program stack overflow" response in the CLISP implementation of
    Common Lisp occurs when CLISP tries to traverse the syntax tree
    of that expression to look for macros to expand. So we don't even
    get to evaluation. The traversal triggers runaway recursion.
    --
    TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
    Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
    Mastodon: @Kazinator@mstdn.ca
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Tue Nov 18 06:40:48 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 17/11/2025 23:22, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    The contradiction is something like the one in "This sentence has
    four words", though not quite.

    You're definitely making it difficult, that example sentence is easily
    seen to be false and so the whole "The contradiction ... " is very wrong
    even with "... though not quite" added. It's totally off.


    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 01:03:59 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. 
    It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem
    is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder
    than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but
    it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
    ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    (1) I can see how a judgement looping with a negation in the middle
    should be rejected as contradiction.

    (2) But looping with double negation is merely nondetermining isn't it?


    Examples

    (1) A = \+(A).
    (2) A = \+(\+(A)).

    yet both fail to unify with an occurs check in prolog. I think you need
    a deeper theory.

    Before you mention intuitionistic double negation vs classical:

    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(\+A, \+(\+(\+A))).
    false.

    of course.

    I should probably functionalise negation and see what's what.

    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Tue Nov 18 19:36:38 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/18/2025 7:03 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4.
    It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem
    is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder
    than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but
    it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually weird, >>> sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
    ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    I mean like this thingy:

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
    HERE: goto HERE;
    return;
    }



    (1) I can see how a judgement looping with a negation in the middle
    should be rejected as contradiction.

    (2) But looping with double negation is merely nondetermining isn't it?


    Here is the same thing in Olcott's Minimal Type Theory

    LP := ~True(LP) // A := B means A "is defined as" B
    Directed Graph of evaluation sequence
    00 ~ 01
    01 True 00 // cycle

    The directed graph of the evaluation sequence
    has a cycle causing evaluation to be literally
    stuck in an actual infinite loop just like the
    C function.

    In both cases the Liar Paradox is definitively
    rejected as not a truth bearer just like the
    sentence "What time is it?" cannot not possibly
    be true or false.


    Examples

    (1) A = \+(A).
    (2) A = \+(\+(A)).

    yet both fail to unify with an occurs check in prolog. I think you need
    a deeper theory.

    Before you mention intuitionistic double negation vs classical:

    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(\+A, \+(\+(\+A))).
    false.

    of course.

    I should probably functionalise negation and see what's what.

    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 02:47:21 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 19/11/2025 01:03, Tristan Wibberley wrote:

    I should probably functionalise negation and see what's what.


    errr... defunctionalise the evaluation of negation ...


    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Tue Nov 18 21:04:44 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/18/2025 8:47 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 19/11/2025 01:03, Tristan Wibberley wrote:

    I should probably functionalise negation and see what's what.


    errr... defunctionalise the evaluation of negation ...



    LP := ~True(LP) // A := B means A "is defined as" B
    Directed Graph of evaluation sequence
    00 ~ 01
    01 True 00 // cycle

    Simply realize that the Liar Paradox is stuck
    in an infinite evaluation loop proving that
    it can't possibly be true or false.

    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 18:51:48 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 19/11/2025 01:36, olcott wrote:
    On 11/18/2025 7:03 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4.
    It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem >>>>> is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder >>>> than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but >>>> it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually
    weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
       ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    I mean like this thingy:

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
      HERE: goto HERE;
      return;
    }

    Ah the terminological problem of what to call something like a
    "normalisation" process when it might be that no normal form exists.

    In the pure functional world your C characterisation is typically called
    "a computation" but I'm not sure where the boundary lies or whether you
    really mean "judgement" or "evaluation". In the C world "evaluation" of "Infinite_Loop()" is a real thing that exists, even if the expression
    has no value or any normal form in any conventionally reasonable
    formalisation and the mapping of your original terms to Infinite_Loop is
    just one choice for how to judge.


    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 14:22:37 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/19/2025 12:51 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 19/11/2025 01:36, olcott wrote:
    On 11/18/2025 7:03 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. >>>>>> It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem >>>>>> is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same
    fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder >>>>> than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but >>>>> it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually
    weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
       ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    I mean like this thingy:

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
      HERE: goto HERE;
      return;
    }

    Ah the terminological problem of what to call something like a "normalisation" process when it might be that no normal form exists.

    In the pure functional world your C characterisation is typically called
    "a computation" but I'm not sure where the boundary lies or whether you really mean "judgement" or "evaluation". In the C world "evaluation" of "Infinite_Loop()" is a real thing that exists, even if the expression
    has no value or any normal form in any conventionally reasonable formalisation and the mapping of your original terms to Infinite_Loop is
    just one choice for how to judge.


    When you fully understand every nuance of my terms
    then you understand that when the directed graph
    of the evaluation sequence of a formal expression
    contains a cycle that this proves that this expression
    is semantically unsound because the evaluation of
    this expression does have an actual infinite loop
    just like this one.

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
    HERE: goto HERE;
    return;
    }


    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Kaz Kylheku@643-408-1753@kylheku.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 20:55:50 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 2025-11-19, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
    On 11/19/2025 12:51 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 19/11/2025 01:36, olcott wrote:
    On 11/18/2025 7:03 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. >>>>>>> It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem >>>>>>> is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same >>>>>>> fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder >>>>>> than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but >>>>>> it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually
    weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
       ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    I mean like this thingy:

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
      HERE: goto HERE;
      return;
    }

    Ah the terminological problem of what to call something like a
    "normalisation" process when it might be that no normal form exists.

    In the pure functional world your C characterisation is typically called
    "a computation" but I'm not sure where the boundary lies or whether you
    really mean "judgement" or "evaluation". In the C world "evaluation" of
    "Infinite_Loop()" is a real thing that exists, even if the expression
    has no value or any normal form in any conventionally reasonable
    formalisation and the mapping of your original terms to Infinite_Loop is
    just one choice for how to judge.


    When you fully understand every nuance of my terms
    then you understand that when the directed graph
    of the evaluation sequence of a formal expression
    contains a cycle that this proves that this expression
    is semantically unsound because the evaluation of
    this expression does have an actual infinite loop
    just like this one.

    Your three pages full of nothng, titled Minimal Type Theory,
    don't contain anything original.

    Programming language expression trees are directed graphs
    already.

    Long before you wrote that, it was possible to write the
    Liar Paradox using Lisp, whose data notation supports a way of
    introducing cycles into the graph:

    #1=(not #1#)

    That little expression is all it takes to show that the
    self reference is not evaluatable.

    Furthermore, in Lisp, we can readily model the equivalent
    of "This sentence of has five words"; we can translate
    it to a three-element expression which says "this expression
    has three elements":

    #1=(eql 3 (length '#1#)) ;; yields T

    #1# refers back to the entire expression '#1# means (quote #1#):
    it quotes it, creating an expression referring to the syntax
    itself, rather than its value. (This is significant.)
    Then length is applied to that syntax itself, producing 3,
    which is EQL to 3, resulting in true.

    Showing it more formally in Lisp this way shows the reason
    that a paradox is avoided here. The key is that we had to
    use the quote operator.

    When a sentence talks about itself quoted, it is different
    than when the sentence refers to its value.

    A sentence could refer to the value of its quoted self with EVAL; then
    that would be back to the liar paradox, like this:

    #1=(not (eval '#1#))

    But when the sentence grasps itself quoted, it doesn't have to evaluate. Examining certain properties of itself other than its value does not
    lead to infinite regress; for instance the number of terms in the
    expression can be safely counted with LENGTH.

    ---

    By the way, on a related note: under the CLISP implementation of
    Common Lisp (and perhaps others) we can use STEP to simulate the
    Liar paradox step by step and see the backtrace. CLISP's
    implementation of STEP does not perform a full macro-expanson;
    it expands incrementally so it is able to get into it:

    We turn on printing of the Circle Notation, so we can print
    the self-referential code:

    [1]> (setf *print-circle* t)
    T

    Validate that printing it is now possible without stack overflow/reset:

    [2]> (quote #1=(not #1#))
    #1=(NOT #1#)

    Now begin stepping:

    [3]> (step #1=(not #1#))
    step 1 --> #1=(NOT #1#)
    Step 1 [4]> :s
    step 2 --> #1=(NOT #1#)
    Step 2 [5]> :s
    step 3 --> #1=(NOT #1#)

    Show the backtrace at this point: 14 frames are printed

    Step 3 [6]> :bt
    <1/214> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION SHOW-STACK> 3
    <2/207> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::PRINT-BACKTRACE>
    <3/201> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::DEBUG-BACKTRACE>
    <4/192> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION SYSTEM::READ-EVAL-PRINT> 2
    <5/189> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN-1-3>
    <6/185> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION SYSTEM::SAME-ENV-AS> 2
    <7/171> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN-1>
    <8/169> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION SYSTEM::DRIVER>
    <9/135> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN>
    [128] EVAL frame for form #1=(NOT #1#)
    [124] EVAL frame for form #1=(NOT #1#)
    <10/114> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION EVALHOOK>
    <11/100> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN>
    [93] EVAL frame for form #1=(NOT #1#)
    [89] EVAL frame for form #1=(NOT #1#)
    <12/79> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION EVALHOOK>
    <13/65> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN>
    [58] EVAL frame for form #1=(NOT #1#)
    <14/39> #<SPECIAL-OPERATOR LET*>
    [37] EVAL frame for form (LET* ((SYSTEM::*STEP-LEVEL* 0) (SYSTEM::*STEP-QUIT* MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM) (SYSTEM::*STEP-WATCH* NIL) (*EVALHOOK* #'SYSTEM::STEP-HOOK-FN)) #1=(NOT #1#))
    Printed 14 frames

    Step one more:

    Step 3 [6]> :s
    step 4 --> #1=(NOT #1#)

    Backtrace again, now there are 16 frames:

    Step 4 [7]> :bt
    <1/249> #<SYSTEM-FUNCTION SHOW-STACK> 3
    <2/242> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::PRINT-BACKTRACE>
    <3/236> #<COMPILED-FUNCTION SYSTEM::DEBUG-BACKTRACE>
    [ ... SNIP ... ]
    Printed 16 frames

    At every step, the current expression is #1=(NOT #1#): we are always back to the same expression, because to evaluate (NOT X) we have to evaluate X and X is #1# which is the same expression itself again.
    --
    TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
    Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
    Mastodon: @Kazinator@mstdn.ca
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  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Wed Nov 19 21:24:46 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/19/2025 2:55 PM, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    On 2025-11-19, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
    On 11/19/2025 12:51 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 19/11/2025 01:36, olcott wrote:
    On 11/18/2025 7:03 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:
    On 11/17/2025 4:45 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:15, Alan Mackenzie wrote:

    There is no proper academic conversation to be had over 2 + 2 = 4. >>>>>>>> It is
    firm, unassailable knowledge, unchallengeable.  The Halting Theorem >>>>>>>> is of
    the same status, proven using the same methodology from the same >>>>>>>> fundamentals.


    It's a completely different league from 2 + 2 = 4.
    It's closer to x = 1/2 + x/2 but it's still conceptually /much/ harder >>>>>>> than that.
    It's more like the problem of whether a fixed point exists or not, but >>>>>>> it's for the fixed point of a limit of a particular, conceptually >>>>>>> weird,
    sequence of functions.

    It really is quite peculiar.


    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    The Liar Paradox formalized in the Prolog Programming language

    This sentence is not true.
    It is not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true.
    It is not true about being not true about what?
    It is not true about being not true about being not true.
    Oh I see you are stuck in a loop!

    This is formalized in the Prolog programming language below.

    ?- LP = not(true(LP)).
    LP = not(true(LP)).
    ?- unify_with_occurs_check(LP, not(true(LP))).
    false.

    true/0
    use \+/1 rather than not/1


    Failing an occurs check seems to mean that the
    resolution of an expression remains stuck in an
       ^^^^^^^^^^
    infinite loop.

    You mean "judgement" ?

    I mean like this thingy:

    void Infinite_Loop()
    {
      HERE: goto HERE;
      return;
    }

    Ah the terminological problem of what to call something like a
    "normalisation" process when it might be that no normal form exists.

    In the pure functional world your C characterisation is typically called >>> "a computation" but I'm not sure where the boundary lies or whether you
    really mean "judgement" or "evaluation". In the C world "evaluation" of
    "Infinite_Loop()" is a real thing that exists, even if the expression
    has no value or any normal form in any conventionally reasonable
    formalisation and the mapping of your original terms to Infinite_Loop is >>> just one choice for how to judge.


    When you fully understand every nuance of my terms
    then you understand that when the directed graph
    of the evaluation sequence of a formal expression
    contains a cycle that this proves that this expression
    is semantically unsound because the evaluation of
    this expression does have an actual infinite loop
    just like this one.

    Your three pages full of nothng, titled Minimal Type Theory,
    don't contain anything original.


    It directly encodes self-reference that no other
    formal system has ever done and has a provability
    operator directly in the language.

    G := (F ⊬ G) // G "is defined as" unprovable in F
    LP := ~True(LP) // LP "is defined as" not true
    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Thu Nov 20 20:49:03 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 20/11/2025 03:24, olcott wrote:
    On 11/19/2025 2:55 PM, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    Your three pages full of nothng, titled Minimal Type Theory,
    don't contain anything original.


    It directly encodes self-reference that no other
    formal system has ever done

    Uhh, no, it's typical.
    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

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  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Fri Nov 21 01:14:49 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:

    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    Yes, it is, I'm pretty sure (I haven't gone through it in such detail to satisfy all audiences).

    It's roughly evaluation of the contradictory G (as defined by Olcott in
    an inconsistent suppositional axiom extension) as opposed to judgement
    of that defining axiom (where judgement would be evaluation in a
    partiality monad instead of directly or in the identity monad).

    Where we have the craziness of nonstrict evaluation such as in Haskell,
    a partiality monad can be used for judgement and then used to construct evaluation using the monad's catamorphism with a simple empty loop.
    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Tristan Wibberley@tristan.wibberley+netnews2@alumni.manchester.ac.uk to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Fri Nov 21 01:28:24 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 21/11/2025 01:14, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:

    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    Yes, it is, I'm pretty sure (I haven't gone through it in such detail to satisfy all audiences).

    It's roughly evaluation of the contradictory G (as defined by Olcott in
    an inconsistent suppositional axiom extension) as opposed to judgement
    of that defining axiom (where judgement would be evaluation in a
    partiality monad instead of directly or in the identity monad).

    Where we have the craziness of nonstrict evaluation such as in Haskell,
    a partiality monad can be used for judgement and then used to construct evaluation using the monad's catamorphism with a simple empty loop.

    For clarity, the "disguise" is obviously that a purported universal
    decider is constructed of many of the same elements using a partiality
    monad for judgements and combining them to what is "the universal
    decider with what would be uniquely identifying characteristics if it
    exists"

    I think the catamorphism is required to complete the disguise because
    the universal halting decider would be an infinite loop inside the monad
    and to match the liar paradox it has to be merged with the empty case on application of its catamorphism.

    Obviously there are so many identities among the ways of couching these
    things that it must be that the halting problem is the liar paradox in disguise. It's interesting to explore how and how far removed are they
    (not really very far).
    --
    Tristan Wibberley

    The message body is Copyright (C) 2025 Tristan Wibberley except
    citations and quotations noted. All Rights Reserved except that you may,
    of course, cite it academically giving credit to me, distribute it
    verbatim as part of a usenet system or its archives, and use it to
    promote my greatness and general superiority without misrepresentation
    of my opinions other than my opinion of my greatness and general
    superiority which you _may_ misrepresent. You definitely MAY NOT train
    any production AI system with it but you may train experimental AI that
    will only be used for evaluation of the AI methods it implements.

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Fri Nov 21 13:50:02 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/20/2025 2:49 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 20/11/2025 03:24, olcott wrote:
    On 11/19/2025 2:55 PM, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    Your three pages full of nothng, titled Minimal Type Theory,
    don't contain anything original.


    It directly encodes self-reference that no other
    formal system has ever done

    Uhh, no, it's typical.



    Provide a concrete example of:
    "This sentence is not true"
    in First Order Logic or any other system
    besides Minimal Type Theory and Prolog.
    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Kaz Kylheku@643-408-1753@kylheku.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Fri Nov 21 22:05:51 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 2025-11-21, olcott <polcott333@gmail.com> wrote:
    On 11/20/2025 2:49 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 20/11/2025 03:24, olcott wrote:
    On 11/19/2025 2:55 PM, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    Your three pages full of nothng, titled Minimal Type Theory,
    don't contain anything original.


    It directly encodes self-reference that no other
    formal system has ever done

    Uhh, no, it's typical.



    Provide a concrete example of:
    "This sentence is not true"
    in First Order Logic or any other system
    besides Minimal Type Theory and Prolog.

    ANSI Common Lisp: #1=(not #1#)
    --
    TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
    Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
    Mastodon: @Kazinator@mstdn.ca
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From olcott@polcott333@gmail.com to comp.theory,sci.logic,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.math on Thu Nov 20 22:00:20 2025
    From Newsgroup: comp.ai.philosophy

    On 11/20/2025 7:14 PM, Tristan Wibberley wrote:
    On 17/11/2025 22:59, olcott wrote:

    Ultimately it is essentially the Liar Paradox in disguise.

    Yes, it is, I'm pretty sure (I haven't gone through it in such detail to satisfy all audiences).


    If it is the Liar Paradox in disguise and the
    Liar Paradox is simply semantically ill-formed
    then the Halting Problem and everything isomorphic
    to the Liar Paradox are also merely errors and
    can be written off as such.

    When we do this then we are on our way to making
    "true on the basis of meaning expressed in language"
    AKA Analytic(Olcott) computable. My whole goal for
    28 years.

    It's roughly evaluation of the contradictory G (as defined by Olcott in
    an inconsistent suppositional axiom extension) as opposed to judgement
    of that defining axiom (where judgement would be evaluation in a
    partiality monad instead of directly or in the identity monad).

    Where we have the craziness of nonstrict evaluation such as in Haskell,
    a partiality monad can be used for judgement and then used to construct evaluation using the monad's catamorphism with a simple empty loop.


    --
    Copyright 2025 Olcott

    My 28 year goal has been to make
    "true on the basis of meaning" computable.
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